ISLAMABAD, April 5. /Dunyo IA/. The official website of the Pakistani magazine “The Diplomatic Insight” has published an article by Academician Akmal Saidov dedicated to the diplomacy of Amir Temur and its significant influence on the system of international relations, reports Dunyo IA correspondent.

The author emphasizes that Sahibkiran left a profound mark on history not only as an outstanding statesman but also as one of the most skilful diplomats of his era. In achieving his geopolitical goals, the great ruler masterfully combined peaceful negotiations with military measures, a fact recognized today by both domestic and foreign experts.

Since its foundation, the powerful empire created by Amir Temur attracted the attention of rulers from various countries. Historical documents confirm that as early as the 1370s, representatives of European states visited Mawarannahr, showing serious interest in the power and potential of the new state.

For his part, Sahibkiran established active contacts with virtually all significant rulers of that time. He regularly dispatched his confidants on foreign missions and received foreign ambassadors in Samarkand with great honors.

The geography of Amir Temur’s connections was impressive - he maintained correspondence and exchanged embassies with King Enrique III of Castile and León, King Charles VI of France, and King Henry IV of England. In total, delegations from more than twenty different states, including China and several Eastern countries, were received in the empire's capital.

To implement this large-scale foreign policy, the ruler enlisted the most talented scholars from Nasaf and Kesh, who were fluent in foreign languages and possessed deep knowledge of both religious and secular sciences. History has preserved the names of such prominent ambassadors as Muhammad Keshiy, who represented the state's interests in Spain and Mavlano Abdullo Keshiy, who was sent to the Egyptian Sultan Faraj.

One of the most distinctive features of Amir Temur's diplomacy was his unwavering adherence to the canons of Eastern etiquette. Even when his communications took the form of stern demands, they were composed with all the rules of politeness. Historical chronicles testify that even when responding to the rude and emotional letters of certain rulers, Sahibkiran always replied rationally, clearly and culturally. A vivid confirmation of this is his message to the French King Charles VI, which begins with words of greeting and the proclamation of peace.

Today, authentic evidence of this active diplomatic activity is carefully preserved in world archives. In particular, the National Archives of France house the original letter of Amir Temur in Persian, its Latin translations from that period, as well as the response charters from European monarchs. This invaluable heritage proves that the diplomatic efforts of Amir Temur and the Tеmurids laid a solid foundation for interaction between East and West for many centuries to come.